fix(web): 因子研究/回测改走异步 Job（修复全市场研究长请求被代理中断 500）

- 根因：全市场因子测试同步执行约 47s，经 Next 同源代理转发时长请求被 socket 中断（前端日志：Failed to proxy .../api/factor-tests [socket hang up]）
- factors/backtest 页改为 POST /api/jobs 提交 → 轮询 GET /api/jobs/{id} → 取内嵌结果（AGENT §19 异步化）
- 新增 lib/jobs.ts（submitJob / waitJob，超时 10 分钟），运行中显示 Job 号
- 端到端验证：全市场 momentum_60 测试 JOB-93479087 → success（IC -0.0598，样本 323 日）+ Experiment 归档
- tsc + next build 通过；同步接口保留（适合小样本/脚本调用）

frontend/web/app/backtest/page.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 "use client";
 
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
-import { apiGet, apiPost } from "@/lib/api";
+import { apiGet } from "@/lib/api";
+import { submitJob, waitJob } from "@/lib/jobs";
 import type { BacktestResult, FactorMeta, ResearchSpec } from "@/lib/types";
 import { LineChart } from "@/components/LineChart";
 
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ export default function BacktestPage() {
   const [excludeSt, setExcludeSt] = useState(true);
   const [result, setResult] = useState<BacktestResult | null>(null);
   const [running, setRunning] = useState(false);
+  const [jobId, setJobId] = useState("");
   const [error, setError] = useState("");
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -23,21 +25,34 @@ export default function BacktestPage() {
       .catch((e: Error) => setError(e.message));
   }, []);
 
-  function run() {
+  async function run() {
     setRunning(true);
     setError("");
-    const spec: ResearchSpec = {
-      type: "backtest",
-      universe: { exclude_st: excludeSt, min_listing_days: 0 },
-      factors: [{ name: factor, weight: 1 }],
-      selection: { top_n: topN },
-      rebalance,
-      period: [start, end],
-    };
-    apiPost<BacktestResult>("/backtests", spec)
-      .then(setResult)
-      .catch((e: Error) => setError(e.message))
-      .finally(() => setRunning(false));
+    setJobId("");
+    setResult(null);
+    try {
+      const spec: ResearchSpec = {
+        type: "backtest",
+        universe: { exclude_st: excludeSt, min_listing_days: 0 },
+        factors: [{ name: factor, weight: 1 }],
+        selection: { top_n: topN },
+        rebalance,
+        period: [start, end],
+      };
+      // 异步 Job：后台执行（全市场可能数十秒），轮询到终态
+      const { job_id } = await submitJob(spec);
+      setJobId(job_id);
+      const out = await waitJob<BacktestResult>(job_id);
+      if (out.status === "success" && out.result) {
+        setResult(out.result);
+      } else {
+        setError(`任务${out.status}${out.error ? `：${out.error}` : ""}`);
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError((e as Error).message);
+    } finally {
+      setRunning(false);
+    }
   }
 
   const s = result?.summary;
@@ -94,9 +109,10 @@ export default function BacktestPage() {
             剔除 ST
           </label>
           <button className="primary" onClick={run} disabled={running}>
-            {running ? "运行中…" : "运行回测"}
+            {running ? "后台运行中…" : "运行回测"}
           </button>
         </div>
+        {running && jobId && <div className="muted">任务 {jobId} 后台执行中，请稍候…</div>}
         {error && <div className="error">{error}</div>}
       </div>
 

frontend/web/app/factors/page.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 "use client";
 
 import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
-import { apiGet, apiPost } from "@/lib/api";
+import { apiGet } from "@/lib/api";
+import { submitJob, waitJob } from "@/lib/jobs";
 import type { FactorMeta, FactorTestReport, ResearchSpec } from "@/lib/types";
 
 export default function FactorsPage() {
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ export default function FactorsPage() {
   const [end, setEnd] = useState("2024-12-31");
   const [report, setReport] = useState<FactorTestReport | null>(null);
   const [running, setRunning] = useState(false);
+  const [jobId, setJobId] = useState("");
   const [error, setError] = useState("");
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -19,21 +21,34 @@ export default function FactorsPage() {
       .catch((e: Error) => setError(e.message));
   }, []);
 
-  function run() {
+  async function run() {
     setRunning(true);
     setError("");
-    const spec: ResearchSpec = {
-      type: "factor_test",
-      universe: { exclude_st: true, min_listing_days: 0 },
-      factors: [{ name, weight: 1 }],
-      selection: { top_n: 10 },
-      rebalance: "monthly",
-      period: [start, end],
-    };
-    apiPost<FactorTestReport>("/factor-tests", spec)
-      .then(setReport)
-      .catch((e: Error) => setError(e.message))
-      .finally(() => setRunning(false));
+    setJobId("");
+    setReport(null);
+    try {
+      const spec: ResearchSpec = {
+        type: "factor_test",
+        universe: { exclude_st: true, min_listing_days: 0 },
+        factors: [{ name, weight: 1 }],
+        selection: { top_n: 10 },
+        rebalance: "monthly",
+        period: [start, end],
+      };
+      // 异步 Job：立即返回 job_id，后台执行后轮询取结果（全市场可能数十秒）
+      const { job_id } = await submitJob(spec);
+      setJobId(job_id);
+      const out = await waitJob<FactorTestReport>(job_id);
+      if (out.status === "success" && out.result) {
+        setReport(out.result);
+      } else {
+        setError(`任务${out.status}${out.error ? `：${out.error}` : ""}`);
+      }
+    } catch (e) {
+      setError((e as Error).message);
+    } finally {
+      setRunning(false);
+    }
   }
 
   return (
@@ -82,9 +97,10 @@ export default function FactorsPage() {
             结束 <input type="date" value={end} onChange={(e) => setEnd(e.target.value)} />
           </label>
           <button className="primary" onClick={run} disabled={running}>
-            {running ? "运行中…" : "运行因子测试"}
+            {running ? "后台运行中…" : "运行因子测试"}
           </button>
         </div>
+        {running && jobId && <div className="muted">任务 {jobId} 后台执行中，请稍候…</div>}
         {error && <div className="error">{error}</div>}
 
         {report && (

frontend/web/lib/jobs.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/** 异步 Job 研究执行（Phase 4）：POST /api/jobs 提交 → 轮询 GET /api/jobs/{id}。
+ *
+ * 大样本研究（全市场）可能耗时数十秒到分钟级，经异步 Job 后台执行，
+ * 避免 HTTP 长阻塞（AGENT §19）。页面提交后即时返回 job_id，再轮询到终态。
+ */
+import { apiGet, apiPost } from "./api";
+import type { ResearchSpec } from "./types";
+
+export interface JobSubmit {
+  job_id: string;
+  status: string;
+}
+
+export interface JobStatusResp {
+  job_id: string;
+  status: string;
+  result?: unknown;
+  error?: string | null;
+  spec?: Record<string, unknown>;
+}
+
+export function submitJob(spec: ResearchSpec): Promise<JobSubmit> {
+  return apiPost<JobSubmit>("/jobs", spec);
+}
+
+/** 轮询直到 success / failed / cancelled，或超时（默认 10 分钟）。 */
+export async function waitJob<T>(
+  jobId: string,
+  timeoutMs = 600_000,
+): Promise<{ status: string; result: T | null; error?: string }> {
+  const deadline = Date.now() + timeoutMs;
+  while (Date.now() < deadline) {
+    const job = await apiGet<JobStatusResp>(`/jobs/${jobId}`);
+    if (job.status === "success") {
+      return { status: job.status, result: (job.result as T) ?? null };
+    }
+    if (job.status === "failed" || job.status === "cancelled") {
+      return { status: job.status, result: null, error: job.error ?? undefined };
+    }
+    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1500));
+  }
+  return { status: "timeout", result: null, error: "等待结果超时，请稍后在「实验」页查看归档" };
+}